Mazzocco (2001) found evidence of three patterns: semantic memory, procedual, and visual-spatial.
- semantic: poor number-symbol association & math fact automaticity
- associated with reading & language disorders
- procedual: poor strategy or algorithm use
- associated with ADHD
- visual-spatial: problems with column alignment, place values, & operand adherence.
- associated with Rourke (1994) nonverbal learning disabilities (NVLD)