Practice Quizes and Test Review Questions

1. What are three of the fields involved in the biopsychosocial perspective?
2. Why is the biopsychosocial perspective important in understanding the processes of adult development and aging?
3. What are the four principles underlying the study of adult development and aging?
4. Why is it important to distinguish normal aging from disease?
5. What are advantages and disadvantages of using a particular age to define “adult”?
6. Why do researchers believe it is important to distinguish personal from social aging?
7. What might be the reasons for so few studies on the role of religion in aging?  What might researchers be missing by failing to study this topic?
8. What are the two main factors that have contributed to changes in life expectancy in the last 100 years?
9. What are the four main implications of changes in the age distribution of the population in the U.S. over the next 30 to 40 years?
10. What is niche-picking? Provide an example from your own experience that illustrates how this principle operates in development.
11. Define and contrast the terms: theory, hypothesis, model, and perspective.
12. Define the term “epigenetic” and explain how it relates to Erikson’s psychosocial theory.
13. What are the four major psychosocial crises of adulthood according to Erikson? Define and provide an example of each.
14. Define and provide an example of Piaget’s ideas of: assimilation, accommodation, equilibration.
15. How does Piaget’s theory differ from that of Erikson?
16. Briefly describe the process of aging according to the telomere theory.
17. Define and contrast the random error theories of aging and provide an implication that each theory has for how individuals can slow the rate of their own aging.
18. Compare an experimental with a quasi-experimental design. Which type of design is used in studies on aging?
19. Define age, cohort, and time of measurement. What is each variable intended to represent?
20. Why are age, cohort, and time of measurement dependent on each other? Why is this a problem in research on adult development and aging?
21. Define a longitudinal and a cross-sectional design.  Compare two advantages and two disadvantages of each.
22. What solutions have researchers developed to overcome the problems of descriptive research designs?
23. What is the purpose of sequential research?
24. What are the three sequential designs in the Most Efficient Design?
25. What is the reason that researchers do not allow cause-and-effect conclusions to be drawn from correlational studies?
26. Summarize the major changes in the skin and hair.
27. Explain the major changes in height and weight in adulthood.
28. Describe the major changes that occur with age in the muscles, bones, and joints.
29. Indicate next to each change what steps individuals can take to prevent or offset these changes.
30. Indicate for changes in bone what variations exist by sex and race.
31. Describe the major changes in the cardiovascular system.
32. What are three effects of aerobic exercise on cardiovascular functioning? How do these effects differ by sex?
33. Summarize the effects of aging on the lungs.
34. What are the two most important changes in the urinary system?
35. What are the lifestyle and social factors that can contribute to changes in digestion in older adults?
36. Summarize the effects of aging on the seven major hormones in the endocrine system.
37. What are the two major forms of immunity?  Name the cells involved in each form of immunity.
38. Contrast the neuronal fallout and plasticity models of the aging nervous system.
39. What are the four major changes in sleep patterns and circadian rhythms in adulthood?
40. Name the four conditions that can interfere with sleep in older adults.
41. What are three forms of blindness that become more common in later adulthood?  What is the cause of each?
42. List three hearing problems that are more prevalent among older adults.
43. List three ways that older adults can compensate for changes in balance to reduce the likelihood of a fall.
44.  What are two forms of cerebrovascular disease?
45. How do incidence rates of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease vary by sex and race in adulthood?
46. What are the four major risk factors for diseases of the cardiovascular system?
47. What three measures can people take to lower their risk of cardiovascular disease?
48. What are the three greatest risk factors for the development of cancer?
49. What are five risk factors for the development of osteoporosis?
50. List five forms of treatment and prevention of osteoporosis.
51. Describe the disease process in Type 2 diabetes.
52. What are four interventions that can be implemented for people with Type 2 diabetes?
53. List the two forms of respiratory disease that make up COPD.
54. What two forms of treatment are available for people with COPD?
55. Describe the issues involved in determining the prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease.
56. What are three major psychological symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease?
57. What are the two major microscopic changes in the brain associated with Alzheimer’s disease?  What processes are thought to be responsible for the development of these changes?
58. What are the three genes thought to be the major causes of Alzheimer’s disease?
59. Describe three lifestyle or environmental factors thought to be causes of or contributors to Alzheimer’s disease.
60. What are six forms of reversible dementia that may be confused with Alzheimer’s disease?  Why is it important to identify these forms of dementia?
61. How does the driving fatality rate for older drivers compare with that of younger drivers?
62. Older adults are most likely to have difficulty in what type of driving situation?
63. What psychological factor most affects the driving of older adults?
64. What is “elderspeak?”
65. What is the idea of “reserve capacity?

True or False (test questions will not necessarily be in TF format)

1. Studies on attentional processes in older adults typically use response time as a type of performace measure.
2. Multitasking, a problem area for many older adults, is most like the cognitive task of divided attention.
3. According to the General Slowing Hypothesis, older people perform more slowly on reaction time tasks because they are experiencing changes in stereotype threats.
4. Loss ofspeed, according to Salthouse, is the main reason for cognitive changes in later adulthood.
5. The Brinley plot, in which scores of younger adults are plotted against sores of older adults, is used to understand the effects of aging on health habits.
6. The attentional resources theory of attention and aging proposes that limitations in energy make it more difficult for older adults to perform well on attentional tasks.
7. The context processing thoery of attention and aging attributes the effect of aging to difficulty taking advantage of all the information available in a set of stimuli.
8. According to the inhibitory deficit hypothesis, older adults have more memory problems because they are unable to remember where they learned something.
9. Lack of adequate public transportation is a sociocultural factor affecting the driving behavior of older adults.
10. A psychological factor affecting the driving performance of older adults is the changes in speed limits on highways.
11. Semantic memory, which involves keeping information active in the mind for a short period of time, is significantly poorer in older adults.
12. According to the scaffolding theory, older adults recruit one part of the brain to compensate for deficits in other brain regions.
13. Working memory is generally preserved in later adulthood.
14. According to the aging and memory “scorecard,” older adults have difficulty in implicit memory tasks.
15. Good procedural memory would allow older adults to perform as well if not better than young adults on tasks suchs as playing a game for which they have expertise.
16. Researchers have demonstrated that improved cognitive performance in older adults is linked to a high-fat diet.
17. Researchers have established that cognitive performance in older adults is improved by the addition of Vitamin B12 to the diet.
18. Cottage cheese is shown to improve cognitive performance in adults of all ages, but particularly older adults.
19. In a study of stress and its relationship to cognitition, researchers found that when older adults reported they were stressed, they were more likely to report memory failures.
20. Studies on meory controllabliity show that when older adults believe they can control their memories they become more depressed and actually perform more poorly.
21. Whether an older adult’s language becomes simplified appears to reflect the balance of changes in working memory with change in semantic memory.
22. Older adults compensate for changes in the left hemisphere of the brain, which is normally responsible for language, by activating the limbic system.
23. In the language and aging, “Scorecard,” a factor that helps to preserve language use in later adulthood is cognitive speed.
24. Calling an older person “honey” would be considered an example of “elderspeak.”
25. When older people are treated as children by others because they seem infirmed or physically dependent, this is known as the communication practice effect.
26. The last step in problem solving is evaluating the solution’s structure.
27. Problems in everyday life that are the most difficult to solve for older adults are those that are stated in vague or ambiguous terms.
28. Based on what researchers have discovered about the attraction effect, it is likely that in considering their behavior as consumer, older adults should be more likely to stick with their initial product choices.
29. Adults who are in the stage of formal operations, in Piaget’s theory, tend to think in terms of rigid rules and expectations.
30. Compared to the undergraduate students in their late teens and early 20s, so-called “adult” learners in their 30s and older tend to be more likely to explore alternative angles, especially when taking tests.
31. The term seletive optimization describes the curve used to depict age differences in scores on intelligence tests such as the WAIS.
32. Research on the intelligence patterns over the years from early to later adulthood shows the greatest increase in crystallized abilities.
33. A spatial pattern test such as a “Sudoko” problem fits into the type of intelligence that peaks in young adulthood, known as pragmatic.
34. The type of intellgence test on which older adults are LEAST likely to perform well taps fluid ability.
35. Results of studies on aging and intelligence showed that lower intelligence scores of adults in mid and later life were found in people with moderate alcohol intake.
36. Studies of aging twins carried out in Sweden and Denmark showed that the rate of change in intelligence over time was mainly a function of environmental influences.
37. The notion of fluidity in intellgience is best exemplified in studies such as ACTIVE, which examine training effects on scores of older adults.
38. Baltes observed that because older adults have dialectical skills, they are often able to perform better on difficult tasks than might be thought possible.
39. Helping older adults work on improving their performance with feedback about how fast they were responding is a method known as testing the limits.
40. The Wisdom Development Scale includes Formal Operations among the componenets of wisom it assesses.
41. Research and theories about changes in defense mechanisms in adulthood are based on the social cognitive perspective.
42. Based on Loevinger’s Theory, the highest level of ego development seen among adults in our society is conformist-conscientious.
43. A longitudinal research study on ego development in women showed that during the years of adulthood, women increased in independence and self-control.
44. The personality theory that places the greatest emphasis on the role of early parenting as an influence on adult development is attachment theory.
45. Research over the course of adulthood shows that older adults are more likely to have an insecure attachment style.
46. Increases in some facets of Conscientiouness throughout adulthood were found in tests of the Five Factor Model.
47. One of the most important predictors of cardiovascular disease within the Type A Behavior Pattern is high scores on the personality trait of openess.
48. The personality trait most related to BMI in adulthood is conscientiousness.
49. According to socioemotional selectivity theory, older people are most likely to value emotional aspects of relationships.
50. The notion that we become closer to our good friends as we get older is consistent with the conformist conscientiousness theory.
51. According to the theory of “possible selves,” behaviors related to aging are guided by ideas about the self that serve as motivators for behavior.
52. The possible selves model proposes that the individual’s view of the self, or self-schema, is guided by the occurence of past events.
53. Levinson defines “life structure” as the pattern of the individual’s total situation at any one point in time.
54. The term mid-life crisis was originally coined to refer to the period of life when adults realize their time will run out.
55. Research on the midlife crisis shows that it is most likely to occur in people who have always tended to be anxious and unhappy.
56. Categorization of ego defense mechanism (Valliant) considered humor as an example of a mature defense mechanism.
57. Research on gender differences in the use of defense mechanisms shows that men are more likely to use reaction formation.
58. Ego Psychology refers to the view that the ego plays a central role in actively directing behvaior.
59. Traits are unstable, conditional reactions that change daily.
60. The Five Factor Model includes the personality traits of neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.
61. The cohabitation effect refers specifically to the higher divorce rate among couples who know each other from high school.
62. Research on divorce shows that divorced couples compared to married are more likely to have poorer health.
63. The empty nest effect refers to the fact that older men are more likely to die after losing their spouse.
64. The similarity hypothesis of relationship satisfaction proposes that people will be most happy with each other if they have personalities and interests that are very much alike.
65. In the social exchange theory of interpersonal relationship satisfaction you feel happiest when the rewards of the relationship equal or exceed its costs.
66. When women enact roles in the family that correspond to the stereotyped views of how they should behave, this is known as “doing gender.”
67. Filial Piety refers to the tradition in some cultures that adult children provide care and support for their aging parents.
68. The majority of relationships between sibilings in adulthood are characterized by few arguments or competitiveness.
69. When couples enter into long-term intimate relationships, the principle of dyadic withdrawal means that they increase their number of joint friendships.
70. Research on the effects of the “empty next” on married couples shows that women, but not men, become depressed after the last child leaves the home.
71. In a study of marital satisfaction, reseachers found that the personality trait of agreeableness was positively related to whether or not couples remained in love.
72. In same-sex married and cohabitating couples, researchers find that theories of relationship satisfaction developed with hetersexual couples apply in very similar ways.
73. During the transition to parenthood, satisfaction in the new mother will be highest if she is concerned that she may not be a good mother.
74. As determinded by research on the Intergenerational Solidarity Model, the relationship between adult children and their parents that is most frequently observed falls into the obligatory type.
75. Research on adult parent-child relationships shows that reciprocal help is the norm.
76. Sandwich generation refers to the point in a family when children are treated as adults by their aging parents.
77. One of the problems within a skip generation family is that children become too pampered.
78. Couples high in the psychological quality of socioemotional selectivity are more likely to contemplate ending their marriage when difficulties arise.
79. Jane and Jenna, who take the same yoga class at their gym and see each other only then demonstrate an example of peripheral friendship ties.

1. What factors affect your subjective well-being?
2. How is it that some people can actively construe their lives in a positive way even when their objective circumstances are negative?
3. What is the meaning of the “compositional fallacy?”
4. What can we learn from successful agers?
5. What does the term “pink collar” refer to?
6. What leads to people over 55 moving into service and sales jobs?
7. Does knowing that your college degree will lead to a higher salary having motivating value for you?
8. What does the term “glass ceiling” refer to?
9. What would be some limitations of the RIASEC model?
10. How does Super’s theory differ from Holland’s theory; how are they similar?
11. Why do gerontologist prefer to view retirement as a process rather than an event?
12. When is a person considered legally dead?
13. How do different “dying trajectories” affect the process of death?
14. What risks are associated with bereavement?
15. How are men and women affected differently by the loss of a spouse?
16. How is a nursing home different from a hospital?
17. How does your text define a “psychological disorder?”
18. What is a “protean career”?
19. What did “incongruence” mean to Holland?
20. What were Super’s vocational stages?
21. What is the RIASCE (Holland vocational types) model?
22. How do intrinsic and extrinsic motivation differ?
23. What personality traits are associated with job satisfaction?
24. What is the relationship between physical and mental health?
25. What accounts for lower rates of schizophrenia in older adults?
26. What is the “maturation hypothesis” of personality disorders in older adults?
27. What is the “donut hole”?
28. What is the “competence-press model of institiutional adaptation?
29. What is a major risk factor for early death in people of lower socioeconomic status?
30. What personality trait is associated with creativity?
31. What is the key component of well-being in older adults?
32. What does “awareness of finitude” refer to?
33. What does “dying trajectory” refer to?
34. What is a culture’s “death ethos”?
35. What is “compression of morbidity”?

1. A major consequence of the aging of the developing nations of the world will be that they will have difficulty providing economic support and health care.
2. The greatest percentage of growth in populations over the age of 65 will occur around the world in developed nations.
3. Florida has the highest number of people 65 and older among U.S. states.
4. Texas has the highest percentage of older adults among U.S. states.
5. Japan has the highest percentage of older adults in the world.
6. Life expectancy refers to the average length of life remaining for a given age group.
7. Sociologists use gender as part of the basis for defining socioeconomic status.
8. Gender refers to biologically assigned characteristics.
9. Non-normative influences affects one person or family rather than everyone living in a certain place and time.
10. Retiring at the age of 65 or 70 years old is a normative age-graded influence on a person’s life.
11. Going through a period of war in one’s 20’s is a normative history-graded influence on a person’ life.
12. The term “old-old” is used by gerontologists to describe people who act older than they really feel.
13. The 2010 U.S. Census defined “race” on the basis of birth certificate.
14. Emerging adulthood is the term used to refer to the age period of 15-16.
15. Looking on the bright side of situations sounds good but is regarded by the Centers for Disease Control as one of the most important “bad habits” that can reduce the quality and quantity of a person’s life.
16. Your textbook suggests a criterion for considering a person an “adult” as ages 18-22.
17. The Centers for Disease Control considers eating vegetables as one of their five healthiest habits.
18. “Continuity of changes” refers to the notion that development in later life builds upon changes that occurred earlier in development.
19. The text’s principle that it is the survivors who grow old implies that the older population is a select group.
20. Marriage in middle-life would be considered a “psychological” age-related factor in the biopsychosocial perspective.

1. The Organismic model of development places the least emphasis on the role of the environment.
2. The interactionist model of development could explain why identical twins might have different amounts of skin winkling.
3. In a mechanistic model, life-span development would be strongly influenced by genetic inheritance.
4. According to the principle of generativity, people seek out environments that reflect their genetic inheritance and these environments in turn affect their further development.
5. The concept of plasticity in development is most closely associated with the interactionist theoretical model.
6. The idea that development proceeds along a number of trajectories within the person is known as epigenesis.
7. In Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model of development, the proximal-social level includes government and other large-scale institutions.
8. Erickson believed there were a series of stages that unfold from each other throughout life, an observation he called the epigenetic principle.
9. Showing concern and care for a younger relative is typical of Erickson’s Intimacy vs. Isolation stage.
10. A “life review” is associated with Erickson’s Generativity vs. Stagnation stage.
11. Using your existing knowledge as the basis for understanding new experiences would reflect, for Piaget, the process of accommodation.
12. Using the process of identity balance in response to age-related changes would lead one to give up entirely on any form of physical exercise.
13. According to the disengagement principle, a middle woman feels older in gradual steps when she notices that her hair is getting grayer and she cannot run as fast as she did in the past.
14. The life course model proposes that development is primarily influenced by neurological changes.
15. The disengagement theory of aging proposes that as people grow older, they become more involved with their families.
16. The wear-and-tear model of aging over the life course emphasizes the normative expectations associated with getting older.
17. A “social clock” is defined as a preference to spend time with younger people.
18. Research on college students suggests that those with the most negative views about older adults strongly identify with their own age group.
19. According to modernization theory, attitudes toward older adults will be more negative the higher a society’s industrialization.
20. The idea that older adults who are subject to more than one type of discrimination in addition to ageism are particularly disadvantaged is known as the possible selves hypothesis.

1. Research on adult development and aging refers to the term “cohort” as individuals with a given education and occupational level.
2. Age can never be considered an independent variable because it can not be manipulated.
3. Researchers use quasi-experimental designs because the experimenter has insufficient funding for the project.
4. Observational studies require researchers to follow the same indivuduals over long periods of time.
5. Participants in a longitudinal study may die off or not return for a follow-up, this problem is referred to as random error.
6. A cross sectional study design requires people from different cohorts to be compared at one time.
7. Sequential designs studies are the only studies of adult development and aging to allow for the possibility of separating age from cohort or time of measurement.
8. In cross-sequential design researchers investigate the independent effects of time of measurement and race.
9. A meeting of a group of respondents oriented around a particular topic of interest is known as a focus group.
10. Using the case report method, researchers gather data by giving questionnaires to large, nationally representative samples of adults.
11. The Most Efficient Design was developed to provide ways to separate age from cohort and time of measurement.
12. Researchers who give simple questionnaires to a large sample intended to represent the larger population are using the case study method.
13. Recording the number of people smoking during a given time span is an example of observational research.
14. Validity refers to a tests’ ability to measure what is it supposed to measure.
15. Researchers use reliability to ensure the tests yield consisten results every time.
16. Confidentiality in research assures the information being used in a study will only be shared with close family members.
17. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) provides individuals with protection of their medical records.
18. Informing the participants of the study’s true purpose after they complete the study is known as informed consent.
19. Debriefing requires a researcher to obtain a legal signature indicating that the participant understands the risks and benefits involved in the study.
20. Researchers are obligated to have a new study reviewed by the Institutional Review Board before proceeding.

1. The best way to prevent photoaging is to use sunscreen.
2. The most likely reason for a decrease in height in a 75 year old person is shrinking of the vertebrae.
3. Older adults may lose fat-free mass due the condition known as anorexia of aging.
4. Sarcopenia refers to increased joint stiffness in the elderly.
5. Bone loss during adulthood is greatest for people in rural areas.
6. Limited range of motion in the elderly would be best helped by rest and relaxation.
7. Loss of about 10% per decade throughout adulthood can be expected in epigenesis of cardiovascular ability.
8. People who smoke throughout their adult years are likely to have a higher “lung age” than people who do not smoke.
9. Negative changes in kidney function with age could have negative effects on ability to adapt to exertion or extreme heat.
10. Normal enlargement of the prostate gland in men may cause difficulties with urination and pain.
11. Older adults can benefit from eating food high in fiber.
12. Social factors have little effect on the dietary patterns of older adults.
13. Cortisol, also know as the “stress hormone” is thought to have specific negative effects on cognition during the aging process.
14. Alteration with age in growth hormone may contribute to decreases in strength, changes in sleep patterns, and loss of bone mineral content.
15. Changes in melatonin with age are thought to be related to changes in circadian rhythm.
16. Older men with diabetes tend to have higher rates of testosterone loss.
17. Research findings that exercise in later life is related with brain volumn increases is consistent with the plasticity model of aging and the nervous system.
18. The plasticity model proposes that areas of the brain become less flexible as people grow older.
19. The most prevalent sleep problem for older adutls is insomnia.
20. Presbyopia involves bone loss in the middle ear.
21. Cataract refers to a clouding of the lense of the eye.
22. Research has shown that regular practice of T’ai chi can help reduce an older person’s risk of falling.

1. Arthritis is the most commonly experienced chronic condition in both men and women over the age of 65.
2. Atherosclerosis is the disease in which fatty deposits accumulate in the walls of the arteries.
3. The hemorrhage of a blood vessel leading to the brain is called a plaque.
4. The “stroke belt” refers to the part of the U.S. with the highest risk of death from cerebrovascular accidents.
5. Deaths due to cardiovascular disease is highest in Sweden.
6. Sedentary lifestyle is a risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease.
7. The Mediterranean diet includes relatively high intake of potatoes and cheese.
8. The risk of developing colon cancer is higher in countries in which people consume large amounts of red wine.
9. Tanning beds have no relationship to cancer risk.
10. Using strong spices increases cancer risk.
11. Painful joints are a symptom of emphysema.
12. Obesity may increase risk for developing arthritis due to increased weight strains on joints.
13. Eating a diet high in green vegetables increases rates of osteoporosis in older people.
14. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a general term for a group of diseases that include chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
15. The term “dementia” is used to refer to normal age-related changes in cognition.
16. Clumps of dead neurons found in the brain of people with Alzheimer’s disease are known as amyloid plaques.
17. Serotonin is the neurotransmitter thought to be involved in Alzheimer’s disease.
18. Caspase theory proposes that Alzheimer’s disease is caused by a particular type of apoptosis.
19. Definitive diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease can only be obtained by autopsy or biopsy of brain tissue.
20. Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is a memory disorder which may an early form of Alzheimer’s disease.

1. Studies on attentional processes in older adults typically use response time as a type of performace measure.
2. Multitasking, a problem area for many older adults, is most like the cognitive task of divided attention.
3. According to the General Slowing Hypothesis, older people perform more slowly on reaction time tasks because they are experiencing changes in stereotype threats.
4. Loss ofspeed, according to Salthouse, is the main reason for cognitive changes in later adulthood.
5. The Brinley plot, in which scores of younger adults are plotted against sores of older adults, is used to understand the effects of aging on health habits.
6. The attentional resources theory of attention and aging proposes that limitations in energy make it more difficult for older adults to perform well on attentional tasks.
7. The context processing thoery of attention and aging attributes the effect of aging to difficulty taking advantage of all the information available in a set of stimuli.
8. According to the inhibitory deficit hypothesis, older adults have more memory problems because they are unable to remember where they learned something.
9. Lack of adequate public transportation is a sociocultural factor affecting the driving behavior of older adults.
10. A psychological factor affecting the driving performance of older adults is the changes in speed limits on highways.
11. Semantic memory, which involves keeping information active in the mind for a short period of time, is significantly poorer in older adults.
12. According to the scaffolding theory, older adults recruit one part of the brain to compensate for deficits in other brain regions.
13. Working memory is generally preserved in later adulthood.
14. According to the aging and memory “scorecard,” older adults have difficulty in implicit memory tasks.
15. Good procedural memory would allow older adults to perform as well if not better than young adults on tasks suchs as playing a game for which they have expertise.
16. Researchers have demonstrated that improved cognitive performance in older adults is linked to a high-fat diet.
17. Researchers have established that cognitive performance in older adults is improved by the addition of Vitamin B12 to the diet.
18. Cottage cheese is shown to improve cognitive performance in adults of all ages, but particularly older adults.
19. In a study of stress and its relationship to cognitition, researchers found that when older adults reported they were stressed, they were more likely to report memory failures.
20. Studies on meory controllabliity show that when older adults believe they can control their memories they become more depressed and actually perform more poorly.

1. Whether an older adult’s language becomes simplified appears to reflect the balance of changes in working memory with change in semantic memory.
2. Older adults compensate for changes in the left hemisphere of the brain, which is normally responsible for language, by activating the limbic system.
3. In the language and aging, “Scorecard,” a factor that helps to preserve language use in later adulthood is cognitive speed.
4. Calling an older person “honey” would be considered an example of “elderspeak.”
5. When older people are treated as children by others because they seem infirmed or physically dependent, this is known as the communication practice effect.
6. The last step in problem solving is evaluating the solution’s structure.
7. Problems in everyday life that are the most difficult to solve for older adults are those that are stated in vague or ambiguous terms.
8. Based on what researchers have discovered about the attraction effect, it is likely that in considering their behavior as consumer, older adults should be more likely to stick with their initial product choices.
9. Adults who are in the stage of formal operations, in Piaget’s theory, tend to think in terms of rigid rules and expectations.
10. Compared to the undergraduate students in their late teens and early 20s, so-called “adult” learners in their 30s and older tend to be more likely to explore alternative angles, especially when taking tests.
11. The term seletive optimization describes the curve used to depict age differences in scores on intelligence tests such as the WAIS.
12. Research on the intelligence patterns over the years from early to later adulthood shows the greatest increase in crystallized abilities.
13. A spatial pattern test such as a “Sudoko” problem fits into the type of intelligence that peaks in young adulthood, known as pragmatic.
14. The type of intellgence test on which older adults are LEAST likely to perform well taps fluid ability.
15. Results of studies on aging and intelligence showed that lower intelligence scores of adults in mid and later life were found in people with moderate alcohol intake.
16. Studies of aging twins carried out in Sweden and Denmark showed that the rate of change in intelligence over time was mainly a function of environmental influences.
17. The notion of fluidity in intellgience is best exemplified in studies such as ACTIVE, which examine training effects on scores of older adults.
18. Baltes observed that because older adults have dialectical skills, they are often able to perform better on difficult tasks than might be thought possible.
19. Helping older adults work on improving their performance with feedback about how fast they were responding is a method known as testing the limits.
20. The Wisdom Development Scale includes Formal Operations among the componenets of wisom it assesses.

1. Research and theories about changes in defense mechanisms in adulthood are based on the social cognitive perspective.
2. Based on Loevinger’s Theory, the highest level of ego development seen among adults in our society is conformist-conscientious.
3. A longitudinal research study on ego development in women showed that during the years of adulthood, women increased in independence and self-control.
4. The personality theory that places the greatest emphasis on the role of early parenting as an influence on adult development is attachment theory.
5. Research over the course of adulthood shows that older adults are more likely to have an insecure attachment style.
6. Increases in some facets of Conscientiouness throughout adulthood were found in tests of the Five Factor Model.
7. One of the most important predictors of cardiovascular disease within the Type A Behavior Pattern is high scores on the personality trait of openess.
8. The personality trait most related to BMI in adulthood is conscientiousness.
9. According to socioemotional selectivity theory, older people are most likely to value emotional aspects of relationships.
10. The notion that we become closer to our good friends as we get older is consistent with the conformist conscientiousness theory.
11. According to the theory of “possible selves,” behaviors related to aging are guided by ideas about the self that serve as motivators for behavior.
12. The possible selves model proposes that the individual’s view of the self, or self-schema, is guided by the occurence of past events.
13. Levinson defines “life structure” as the pattern of the individual’s total situation at any one point in time.
14. The term mid-life crisis was originally coined to refer to the period of life when adults realize their time will run out.
15. Research on the midlife crisis shows that it is most likely to occur in people who have always tended to be anxious and unhappy.
16. Categorization of ego defense mechanism (Valliant) considered humor as an example of a mature defense mechanism.
17. Research on gender differences in the use of defense mechanisms shows that men are more likely to use reaction formation.
18. Ego Psychology refers to the view that the ego plays a central role in actively directing behvaior.
19. Traits are unstable, conditional reactions that change daily.
20. The Five Factor Model includes the personality traits of neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.

1. The cohabitation effect refers specifically to the higher divorce rate among couples who know each other from high school.
2. Research on divorce shows that divorced couples compared to married are more likely to have poorer health.
3. The empty nest effect refers to the fact that older men are more likely to die after losing their spouse.
4. The similarity hypothesis of relationship satisfaction proposes that people will be most happy with each other if they have personalities and interests that are very much alike.
5. In the social exchange theory of interpersonal relationship satisfaction you feel happiest when the rewards of the relationship equal or exceed its costs.
6. When women enact roles in the family that correspond to the stereotyped views of how they should behave, this is known as “doing gender.”
7. Filial Piety refers to the tradition in some cultures that adult children provide care and support for their aging parents.
8. The majority of relationships between sibilings in adulthood are characterized by few arguments or competitiveness.
9. When couples enter into long-term intimate relationships, the principle of dyadic withdrawal means that they increase their number of joint friendships.
10. Research on the effects of the “empty next” on married couples shows that women, but not men, become depressed after the last child leaves the home.
11. In a study of marital satisfaction, reseachers found that the personality trait of agreeableness was positively related to whether or not couples remained in love.
12. In same-sex married and cohabitating couples, researchers find that theories of relationship satisfaction developed with hetersexual couples apply in very similar ways.
13. During the transition to parenthood, satisfaction in the new mother will be highest if she is concerned that she may not be a good mother.
14. As determinded by research on the Intergenerational Solidarity Model, the relationship between adult children and their parents that is most frequently observed falls into the obligatory type.
15. Research on adult parent-child relationships shows that reciprocal help is the norm.
16. Sandwich generation refers to the point in a family when children are treated as adults by their aging parents.
17. One of the problems within a skip generation family is that children become too pampered.
18. Couples high in the psychological quality of socioemotional selectivity are more likely to contemplate ending their marriage when difficulties arise.
19. Jane and Jenna, who take the same yoga class at their gym and see each other only then demonstrate an example of peripheral friendship ties.

1. The greatest gender gap is found in lawyers.
2. In the RIASEC model a sales manager is considered an example of Realistic type.
3. According to the RIASEC model a high school science teacher is an occupation high in the Social type.
4. The name “Holland” as applied to the RIASEC model referts to the country where the theory was invented.
5. Mentoring is particularly important for helping workers become embedded both in their organization and their companies in the maintenance stage of vocational development.
6. During the disengagement stage of Super’s theory of vocational development, workers will feel most embedded in their occupation if they can be encourageed to take a leadership role in the profession.
7. In the recycling variant of Super’s theory,the worker seeks to determine his or her own career path.
8. The phenomenon of motivationl crowding out refers specifically to situations when workers feel that they are getting too old to perform their job duties.
9. In the two-factor theory of vocational satisfaction proposed by Herzberg, the two factors are job motivators and self-determination.
10. Kin and Jack are both in very high stress jobs. According to the extrinsic model of work-family relationships, they should experience difficulties at home.
11. According to affective evaluation theory, work satisfaction depends on whether people experience positive or negative events on the job.
12. Researchers studying middle-age workers found the highest level of stress associated with the jobs of people who fit the criteria for metabolic syndrome.
13. Research in which thousands of studies were analyzed comparing the performance of older and younger workers showed that younger workers were more likely to engage in unsafe work behaviors.
14. Raising an older worker’s extrinsic motivation may help to retain job-related skills by boosting feelings of confidence in the ability to perform.
15. The situation in which a retired person takes on a new job primarily due to financial need is called anticipatory retirement.
16. The continuity theory proposes that retirees are unable to recover psychologically from the loss of their job.
17. According to the Role theory, individuals do not suffer negative effects from the loss of the work role when they retire.
18. The idea that people are able to draw on their physical, psychological, and social capabilities to allow them to adjust to retirement is referred to as the resource model.
19. Older workers have higher rates of absenteeism on the job.
20. Research examining the relationship between personality and job satisfaction find that people high in the trait of neuroticism are more content with their work.

1. An older adult who hoards unnecessary objects to the point that the home has become cluttered and unhealthy would be considered to have a psychological disorder because this behavior presents a risk to the individual’s health.
2. Antisocial personality disorder is a disorder that would be diagnosed on Axis I of the DSM-IV-TR.
3. Older adults, in contrast to young adults, are likely to report abdominal distrubances when in fact they are experiencing symptoms of major depressive disorder.
4. Behavioral and health factos such as poor fitness level, tooth loss, hip fracture, obesity, and arthritis place an older adult at greater risk for schizophrenia.
5. Older adults who have bipolar disorder also show a higher than average risk for periodontal disease.
6. Older veterans who show symptoms of LOSS typically develop them late in life, years after combat.
7. One reason that the rates of schizophrenia are lower in older than younger adults is because most people with the disorder recover in their 30s.
8. The symptoms of retrograde amnesia include forgetting new material learned after the brain injury occurred.
9. In anterograde amneisa, the individual forgets information learned after the brain injury.
10. Older adults are most likely to abuse marijuana.
11. According to the maturation hypothesis, older adults with personality disorders show improved coping abilities.
12. Older adults contemplating suicide may show mild to moderate symptoms of depression.
13. An unstructured clinical interview may be especially appropriate when assessing older adults who have difficulties with attentional focus.
14. Benzodiazepines for the treatment of anxiety disorders in older adults can carry the risk of severe liver damage.
15. The most commonly used antidepressants for older adults fall into the category of lithium carbonates.
16. The Geropsychology Guidelines of the APA suggest that clinicians should treat older adults in the same way as they do children.
17. A characteristic symptom of depression vs. dementia is that older adults with depression are more likely to show wide variation in performance from test to test.
18. The second most common casue of Parkinsonian symptoms in older adults is the category of antipsychotic medications know as neuroleptics.
19. Older adults who do not respond to antidepressant medications may be treated with another somatic method, hypnosis, which serves as a method of last resort.
20. Clinicians using cognitive-behavioral therapy with older adults focus on helping them increase their social skills and think more positively about their lives.

1. As institutional environemnt that provides housing, meals, medical services, rehabilitation, and contiuous supervision and nursing care is called a nursing home.
2. An institutional facility that provides the most intensive level of care to residents is called a geriatric partial day hospital.
3. Adult foster homes are the most expensive in terms of out-of-pocket costs for the resident.
4. A problem in many adult foster care homes is that the residents are afforded little in the way of privacy.
5. In a custodial home, older individuals live in their own apartments but have services provided such a cooking, laundry, and medication reminders.
6. In subsidized senior housing, older adults are given help with routine tasks of daily living.
7. A unique feature of geriatric partial hospitals is that they provide nutritional services.
8. In a continuing care retirement community, residents live in apartments on their own but can move in and out of more intensive treatment should they become ill or disabled.
9. Medicare is funded through a variety of sources, including payroll taxes on working adults.
10. Medicare Part B coverage includes annual physicals.
11. Part D of Medicare covers prescription drugs costs for older adults.
12. The gap in Medicare Part D that forces older adults to pay 100% out-of-pocket expenses for prescription drugs before they reach the next threshold for coverage by Medicare is referred to as the payment plateau.
13. The Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) is responsible for overseeing federal and state funded health programs.
14. The medical funding program known as Medicaid provides coverage only for workers retired 5 years or more.
15. Stipulations of the 1987 Nursing Home Reform Act included ensuring that facilities employ one nurse for every two residents.
16. The focus of the 2002 Nursing Home Quality Initiative passed by the federal government in the U.S. was to provide consumers with information about the quality of their local nursing homes.
17. Nursing homes that fall into the category of private pay include those run by religious organizations.
18. In the competence-press model of institutional adaptation, the “press” variables focus on how many demands are placed on the person.
19. In the competence-press model of institutional adaptation, the nurse staffing ratio is included in the “competence” side of the model.
20. The Green House model involves giving residents their own plants to care for within their rooms.

1. The anorexia-cachezia syndrome involves a loss of appetite and atrophy of muscle mass.
2. Weighted averages of deaths in the population on the basis of age are known as time-adjusted.
3. The age-adjusted death rate for cancer has increased in the past decade.
4. As shown in Whitehall II, lower socioeconomic status is associated with higher risk of death from food poisoning.
5. The term “compression of morbidity”comes closest to the popular concept of a person’s riding off into the sunset.
6. The view developed late in the 20th Century proposing that dying patients should be given the chance to end their lives on their own terms was know as bargaining.
7. A society’s philosophy of death as reflected in its attitudes and treatment of the subject of dying is known as its awareness of finitude.
8. Current views of death in Wsstern society regard it as beautiful.
9. The physician who first publicized the practice of facilitating suicide for terminally ill patients was Jack Kevorkian.
10. People in Western society engage in extensive efforts to avoid thinking about death according to the perspective known as terror management theory.
11. In the Kubler-Ross framework, the first stage of dying is considered to be anger.
12. Reaching the point in life of realizing that you are the same age or older than a close relative or friend who died is referred to as awareness of finitude.
13. An advance directive, written by patients in medical care settings, refers to a person’s wishes for what care should be provided if the person cannot make a decision at the time.
14. One of the “Fives Wishes” in a living will includes honoring the patient’s desire for gaining access to medical records.
15. The medical specialty in which patients are given support at the end of life rather than active interventions to prolong life is known as life review.
16. Medical care that is more aggressive than a dying patient desires at the end of life is known as supportive.
17. The loss dimension in the dual process model of coping with bereavement involves making practical arrangements for the funeral.
18. Adapting to a loved one’s death by refusing to think consciously about the loss is termed restorative coping.
19. A women grieving after the sudden and unexpected death of her husband shows the characteristics definied by psychologists as “felixable adaptation.” This means she is making the necessary changes in her life through continuing to miss him.
20. People who have lost loved ones are likely to experience increased desire to participate in social activities.

1. Successful aging is similar to the concept of career age in its emphasis on optimal functioning.
2. Unlike the model of aging proposed by disengagement thoery, the model of successful aging regards social isolation as an essential component.
3. A person known as a “super-centenarian” is someone who is 110 years or older.
4. The social indicator model of well-being suggests that older adults who are happiest are the ones who are the most creative.
5. According to the social comparison perspective, people’s personalities determine their levels of happiness and subjective well-being.
6. The definition of “subjective well-being” is that it represents overall sense of happiness.
7. Number of friends is a key component of subjective well-being.
8. According to the compositional fallacy, it is surprising that older adults are able to maintain high levels of well-being than would be suggested by their actual situtions in life.
9. Older adults most likely to use problem-focused coping as a way of adapting to stress tend to be high in self-efficacy.
10. The “Planck hypothesis” regarding age and productivity states that as artists become older, they have a tendency to paint with brighter colors.
11. The fashion designer Coco Chanel produced innovative designs throughout her entire life, suggesting that her creative potential was very high.
12. The total number of original ideas that an individual might be able to produce throughout life is known in Simonton’s model as set point.
13. In Simonton’s model, the rate at which a creative person develops new thoughts and that will late be developed into products is known as ideation.
14. It was not enough to have the idea to photograph his beloved Yosemite Park. Ansel Adams had to hike up to considerable heights in order to produce his artistic works, illustrating the creative process of integration.
15. According to the equal odds rule, an individual who produces many creative works will have a better chance of producing a major success.
16. Researchers believe that brain activation and the cognitive operations involved in creativity are related to high scores on the personality trait of extraversion.
17. The prefrontal cortex seems to serve as the basis for more creative ideas.
18. “Age busters” are defined as older adults who outperform expectations for people of their age.
19. Mental flexibility, passionate commitment to their discipline, and a focus on the future are the characteristics identified as crucial to the success of older creative geniuses.
20. In defining creativity with a “small c”, researchers point out that activities such as gardening, cooking, and story-telling in late life can have the benefit of stimulating cognitive functioning.