(2-3-15)
- The first successful attempt to measure human intelligence grew out of efforts to construct a “present state” measure of child’s skills that would predict school success or failure:
- the Binet-Simon scales
- The child’s performance in a wide variety of tasks similar to those observed in school were compared against children of a similar age.
- The obtained “mental age” (MA)
- was contrasted with the child’s chronological age (CA)
- The Simon and Binet scales were successful in predicting which children would have difficulty with the standard curriculum
- Later, Dr. Terman at Stanford University would suggest considering the ratio of the MA and CA: MA/CA
- yielding the Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
- The most valid measures of IQ have two similarities:
- 1) many items (sampling in depth)
- 2) a wide range of skills assessed (sampling in breath)
- Views of intelligence
- a global characteristic, a general ability, a unitary characteristic
- “g”, “little g”, global intelligence
- Raymond Cattell
- crystalized and fluid intelligence
- Crystalized Intelligence: what the person (organism) has learned, cultural knowledge and skills
- Fluid Intelligence: what allows the person to learn, “biological intelligence”
- Catell-Horn model
- crystalized and fluid intelligence
- neuropsychological and factor models: many strengths
- Luria: sequential and simultaneous processing
- the structure of cognitive functioning
- a global characteristic, a general ability, a unitary characteristic