Murray discussed two categories of needs:
- Primary (viscerogenic) needs:
- intake: air, water, food, sentience
- output: sex, lactation, expiration (CO2), urintation, defecation
- retraction: noxavoidance, heatavoidance, coldavoidance, harmavoidance
- Secondary (psychogenic) needs 17 secondary needs in eight need domains
- Ambition: need for Superiority, Achievement, Recogntion, Exhibition
- Materialism: need for Acquisition, Consevance, Order, Retention, Construction
- Status need for: Inviolancy, Infavoidance, Defendance, Counteraction, Seclusion
- Power: need for Dominance, Deference, Autonomy, Contrariance, Infavoidance
- Sadomasochism: need for Abasement, Aggression
- Social-Conformance: need for Blame avoidance
- Affection: need for Affiliation, Rejection
- Information: need for Cognizance, Exposition
Murray’s 20 manifest needs (1938) (from Davis & Panksepp, 2018, pp. 74-75)
- n Dominance To control one’s human environment. To influence or direct the behavior and opinions of others
- n Deference To admire and support a superior other. to yield eagerly to the influence of an allied other
- n Autonomy To get free, shoake off restraint, break out of confinement. To resist coercion and restriction. To be independnet and free to act according to impulse
- n Aggression to overcome opposition forcefully. To fight. To oppose forcefuly or punish an other
- n Abasement To submit passively to external force. To accept injury, criticism, punishment
- n Achievement To accomplish something difficult, and attain a high standard. To rival and surpass others
- n Sex To form and further an erotic relationship
- n Sentience To seek and enjoy sensuous impressions
- n Exhibition To make an impression. To be seen and heard
- n Play To act for “fun”, without further purpose. To laught and make good-natured humor, even if slightly aggressive
- n Affiliation To enjoyable cooperate or reciprocate with an allied other. To remain loyal to a friend
- n Rejection To separate onself from an inferior other. To snub or jilt an other
- n Succorance The tendency to cry, plead, or ask for nourishment, love, protection, or aid. To have always a suporter
- n Nurturance To give sympathy and gratify the needs of an infant or any other that is weak
- n Infavoidance To avlid humiliation. To refrain from action because of the fear of failure
- n Defendance To defend the self against assault, criticism, and blame
- n Counteraction to master or make up for failure by restriving. To overcome weakness
- n Harmavoidance To avoid pain, phusical injury, and death. To escape from danger or take precautions
- n Order To put things in order. To achieve cleanliness, neatness, and precision
- n Understanding The tendency to ask or answer questions, analyze events, and be interest in theory